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Sundry Notes on the Chinese Judiciary

Judicial independence -- that is, making the judiciary an independent decision-making body -- has been a topic for muted discussion in China for over a decade, at least in academic circles. [For more on the ways in which the Chinese judiciary is not independent, read this and this.]

However, the subject may now be seeing rather more of the light of day, apparently drawing inspiration from "international legal principles." As an indicator, an American resident in China who shall remain anonymous graciously allowed this image to be posted:


Chengdu%20Bookseller.jpg


The resident writes:

I visited a law bookstore in Chengdu,the Tianping Falu Shudian 天平法律书店. On a big sign at the entry of the bookstore is an announcement of the Chinese language translations of the Oxford Companion to the U.S. Constitution and of Judge Posner's book "How Judges Think".

Of course, the poster may, instead, simply be an indicator of the reach of Lexis Nexis's marketing. But I think it's remarkable that the company would consider it saleable -- very likely, it is selling and Chinese are reading it.

On a related subject, a judiciary which prefers to keep its rationale for many of its decisions opaque reads of calls for greater transparency.

This editorial in the Beijing News (新京报) calls for it explicitly. (By the way, who is its 后台?)

  ■ 社论

  正所谓“好事不出门,坏事传千里”。在法制恢复重建的这30年中,即便有优秀的裁判文书,恐怕也已湮没在时间的流水里了。而一些糟糕的裁判文书,却因种种象征意义得以流传。

  最新的例子发生在西安市莲湖区法院,在一起继承官司中,某法官“依照《中华人民共和国继承法》第十三条、《最高人民法院关于贯彻执行若干问题的意见》第三十条、第一百七十七条的规定,判决如下……”(4月10日《西安晚报》)但问题是,判决中所援引的《最高人民法院关于贯彻执行若干问题的意见》只有六十四条,所谓“一百七十七条”纯属凭空捏造。

  错漏百出的裁判文书屡现报端,已然引起司法系统的重视。杜绝或至少是遏制这些显然有损司法声誉的低劣裁判文书,也确已成为司法制度改进的追求。从十余年司法改革的实践看,最受期待的具体举措莫过于“裁判文书公开”。在颁行不久的法院改革“三五纲要”中,对此着墨颇多并意图推动。

  按照审判公开原则的要求,判决书是法官通过对证据质证、认证,从而认定案件事实,并依据相关法律规定作出的实体裁判的载体。黑格尔曾将诉讼的进行和审判的展开,看作是法律在特殊事件中的实现,而“公开的依据在于,首先,法官的目的是法,作为一种普遍性,它就应当让普遍的人闻悉其事;其次,通过审判公开,公民才能信服法院的判决确实表达了法”。自然,也只有判决的公开,才能让当事人和社会公众清晰地看到国家司法权是否在法律和理性的范围内被运用、当事人的诉讼权利和基本人权是否得到了应有的尊重和保护,以及是否存在司法专横、法官擅断乃至司法官贪赃枉法的情形。

  随着信息时代的到来,以及公平、正义及法治的理念日益深入人心,裁判文书上网成为近年来引人注目的司法公开成果。近年来,确有不少法院正将本院的裁判文书搬上互联网,以期实现“以公开促公正”之目的。如北京、河南等地法院,已经建立起功能较为完备的裁判文书库,面向社会开庭。截至4月10日,全国各地法院已公布生效裁判文书59744件,共计1.6亿余字。(4月10日《文汇报》)

  但是,即便在树为典型的几家法院,裁判文书的上网也远未做到及时、持久、无保留的公开,全国只有不到6万件生效裁判文书上网,和去年各级法院共审结、执结9839358件(尽管生效裁判只占这一数字中的一部分)相比,公开的数量还太少。“公开”的目的不应是“选择性公开”,尤其要警惕“裁判文书公开”被异化为“优秀裁判文书公开”。司法公正应是对每一宗个案的追求,而非某些个案的追求。所谓“以公开促公正”,一是要以公开为预防裁判文书出错的动力;二是要以公开为监督司法的重要手段,让公众“雪亮的眼睛”找出那些问题裁判,并使之得到校正的机会。“裁判文书公开”被推动了十多年,仍然是“进行时”而非“完成时”。

  裁判文书公开或上网公开,展现法院愿意主动接受监督的姿态。这一被公众冀望颇多的司法改革举措,不能仅仅停留在“姿态”,而更需要实实在在的成果。若裁判文书公开切实做到及时、持久、无保留,“一百七十七条”式的荒唐裁判才可能成为历史。

[H/t to Joshua Rosenzweig of The Dui Hua Foundation for the editorial.]

Finally, by far the most debilitating aspect of Chinese life, including the judiciary: corruption. In an article touching on both judicial independence, international legal principles as well as transparency, we find this quote and its profound rhetorical question at the end of the paragraph:

在司法大众化和职业化之争的背后,还隐藏着一个更为宏观的“普世价值”和“中国特色”的立场分歧。那些主张大众化的部分人士认为,司法职业化改革盲目崇拜西方主流模式,丢弃了中国过去几十年形成的据说行之有效的传统办法,主张抛弃“西方崇拜”,强化上级对下级的监督和指导。
笔者不得不说,这种主张在本质上是要退回到人治时代,不仅违背了法治的基本规律,而且也是和30年改革开放的基本精神背道而驰的。任何人都不能否认,崇尚法治不是崇洋媚外的结果,而是中国人民和政府在饱受人治和政治运动之苦后达成的一致共识。假如革命时代形成的某些政治传统确实如某些人主张的那样对于治理当代社会行之有效,那么中国当年为什么还要改革开放?为什么还要建立市场经济和法治国家?

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This page contains a single entry from the blog posted on April 13, 2009 1:41 PM.

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